Steady Motion of Ice Sheets
نویسندگان
چکیده
Steady plane flow under gravity of a symmetric ice sheet resting on a horizontal rigid bed, subject to surface accumulation and ablation, basal drainage, and basal sliding according to a shear-tractionvelocity power law, is treated . The surface accumulation is taken to depend on height, and the drainage and sliding coefficient also depend on the height of overlying ice. The ice is described as a general non-linearly viscous incompressible fluid, with illustrations presented for Glen's power law, the polynomial law of Col beck and Evans, and a Newtonian fluid. Uniform temperature is assumed so that effects of a realistic temperature distribution on the ice response are not taken into account. In dimension less variables a small parameter v occurs, but the v = 0 solution corresponds to an unbounded sheet of uniform depth. To obtain a bounded sheet, a horizontal coordinate scaling by a small factor E{V) is required, so that the aspect ratio E of a steady ice sheet is determined by the ice properties, accumulation magnitude, and the magnitude of the central thickness . A perturbation expansion in E gives simple leading-order terms for the stress and velocity components, and generates a first order non-linear differential equation for the free-surface slope, which is then integrated to determine the profile. The non-linear differential equation can be solved explicitly for a linear sliding law in the Newtonian case. For the general law it is shown that the leading-order approximation is valid both at the margin and in the central zone provided that the power and coefficient in the sliding law satisfy certain restrictions. RESUME. Mouvement des caloltes glaciaires en ecoulement permanent. On traite de l'ecoulement permanent plan sous I'effet de la gravite d'une calotte glaciaire symetrique reposant sur un lit horizontal rigide sous l'influence de l'accumulation et de l'ablation de surface avec evacuation au fond et glissement sur le lit selon une loi exponentielle vitessefcisaillement. On admet que la surface d'accumulation depend de la hauteur, les coefficients d'ecoulement e t de glissement dependent aussi de la hauteur de la glace susjacente. La glace est consideree comme un fluide incompressible, a viscosite non lineaire, avec des exemples presentes suivant la loi exponentielle de Glen, la loi polynomiale de Colbeck et Evans et la loi de Newton. On admet une temperature uniforme de sorte que les effets de la distribution reelle des temperatures sur le comportement de la glace ne sont pas pris en compte. En variables sans dimensions un petit parametre v intervient, mais la solution v= O correspond a une calotte non limitee d'epaisseur uniforme. Pour obtenir une calotte finie, il faut ponderer les coordonnees horizontales par un petit facteur E{V) de sorte que le rapport de relief E d'une calotte en etat d'equilibre est determine par les proprietes de la glace, I'importance de l'accumulation et I'ordre de grandeur de I'epaisseur au centre. Une perturbation par expansion de € donne des modifications simples des termes reglant les composantes de contrainte et de vitesse, et entraine une equation differentielle non lineaire de premier ordre pour la pente de la surface libre, qu'on peut alors integrer pour determiner le profil. L'equation differentielle lineaire peut etre resolue explicitement pour une loi lineaire de glissement dans le cas de l'ecoulement Newtonien. Pour la loi generale, on montre que l 'approximation de premier ordre est valable a la fois sur la zone de bordure et au centre pourvu que l'exposant et le coefficient de la loi de glissement satisfassent certaines conditions. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG. Stationiire Bewegung van Eisschilden. Es wird der stationare, ebene Fluss unter Schwerkraft eines symetrischen Eisschildes behandelt, der auf einem h orizontalen starren Bett aufliegt, an seiner Oberflache Akkumulation und Ablation erfahrt, ein Abflusssystem am Untergrund besitzt und dort nach einem Exponentialgesetz zwischen Scherspannung und Geschwindigkeit gleitet. Fur die Akkumulation an der Oberflache '1'ird Hahenabhangigkeit angenommen; auch der Abfluss und der Gleitkoeffizient sollen von der Hahe des uberlagernden Eises abhangen. Das Eis gilt als eine im allgemeinen nicht linear viskose, inkompressible Flussigkeit, wobei Beispiele fur Glen's Exponentialgesetz, fUr das Polynomgesetz von Col beck und Evans und fur eine Newton'sche Flussigkeit herangezogen werden. Es wird gleichfarmige Temperatur angenommen, weshalb die EinflUsse einer tatsachlichen Temperaturverteilung auf das Verhalten des Eises nicht berUcksichtigt werden. Bei dimensionslosen Variablen tritt ein kleiner Parameter v auf, doch entspricht die Lasung fur v = o einem unbegrenzten Eisschild konstanter Dicke. Fur einen begrenzten Eisschild wird eine horizontale Koordinatenbezifferung mit einem kleinen Faktor . (v) benatigt, so dass das Verhaltnis • eines stationaren Eisschildes durch die Eigenschaften des Eises, die Grasse der Akkumulation und die Dicke im Zentrum bestimmt wird. Eine. Starungsexpansion in • gibt einfache Richtwertausdrucke fUr die Komponenten der Spannung und Geschwindigkeit und fuhrt zu einer nichtlinearen Differentialgleichung I. Ordnung fur die Neigung der freien Oberflache, deren Integration das Profil liefert; sie kann explizit fur ein lineares Gleitgesetz im ewton'schen Fall geiost werden. Fur den allgemeinen Fall wird gezeigt, dass die Richtwertnaherung sowohl am Rand wie im Zentrum gilt, sofern die Potenz und der Koeffizient im Gleitgesetz bestimmten Einschrankungen genUgen. I . INTRODUCTioN The first theoretical treatment of a bounded ice sheet with steady free surface, a property of the flow solution, was given by Nye (1959). His basic problem was a two-dimensional symmetric ice sheet on a horizontal bed, in steady plane flow under gravity, with a steady
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